Difference in salah between men and women:(Detail Discussion:''Salah according to the Quran and Hadith'')
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Some people are of the view that all the laws of salah are common to both men and women, and that there is no difference between them. They also claim that the hadeeth 'Pray as you have seen me praying' is general and, therefore, should be applied equally to both men and women. It should be realized, however, that our own interpretation and logical inference of this hadeeth cannot compare with the other ahadeeth of the Messenger of Allah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, and the verdicts and practice of the Sahabah and Tabi’un quoted below.
The Shariah has ordained distinct rules for men and women in many important questions of salah.
For example,
•Jumua’ah is fardh upon men but not on women, and the Eid prayer is wajib for men but again not for women:
Sayyiduna Tariq bin Shihab radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said. Jumuah in congregation is an obligatory duty upon every Muslim except four people: a slave, a woman, a child, and one who is sick[240]
Sayyidatuna Umm Atiyyah radiallahu anha says as part of a longer hadeeth, 'We have been forbidden from following funerals and there is no Jumuah upon us’[241]
•The reward of congregational prayer for men is twenty seven times more than an individual prayer:
Contrary to this, the more rewarding prayer of a woman is that which is most concealed and performed within the confines of her innermost living quarters.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'The prayer of a woman in her makhda' (partition) is better than her prayer in her hujrah (chamber), and her prayer in her hujrah is better than her prayer in her bait (house).'[242]
Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah radiallahu anhu narrates that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'The most beloved salah to Allah of a woman is one that she performs in the darkest spot or her home.' [243]
•Unlike men, women should not give adhan or say the iqamah:
Sayyidatuna Asmaa radiallahu anha narrates as part of a longer hadeeth that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. said, 'There is no adhan, iqamah or Jumuah upon women.'[244]
Sayyidatuna Ibn Umar radiallahu anhu says, 'There is no adhan or iqamah upon women.'[245]
There is a great difference in the awrah of a man and that of a woman in salah. Women must cover their entire body including the hair, leaving only the face, hands and feet exposed.
Ummul Mu'mineen Aisha radiallahu anha reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, ‘Allah does not accept the salah of a mature female without a scarf.'[246]
•Women cannot lead men in salah:
Abu Bakrah radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Never will those people succeed who have appointed a woman over them.'[247]
Jabir bin Abdullah reports as part of a longer hadeeth that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Know that a woman should not lead a man in salah.'[248]
•For the purpose of correcting or deterring someone in salah men should say 'subhanallah' loudly, whilst women are only allowed to clap their hands.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Tasbeeh is for men, and clapping is for women.'[249]
The different postures, positions and rulings concerning the prayer of the female are not the invention of a group or an individual but the teaching of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam himself. He was the very first person to differentiate between the prayer of a man and a woman.
Yazid bin Abi Habib reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam passed by two women who were praying salah. He said, 'When you prostrate, let part of your body cling to the earth, for women are unlike men in this regard'.[250]
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar radiallahu anhu narrates that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said. 'When a woman sits in salah she should place one thigh over the other, and when she prostrates she should press her stomach to her thighs in a manner that is the most concealing for her. Indeed Allah looks at her saying, "Oh my angels! I make you witness that I have forgiven her."[251]
Sayyiduna Wail bin Hujr radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Oh Ibn Hujr! When you pray make your hands level with your ears. And the woman shall raise her hands close to her bosom’ [252]
We derive some very important and fundamental principles about the prayer of a woman from all the above ahadeeth.
1. The laws of salah are not always the same for men and women.
2. The sunnah posture of a female in any position of salah is that which is the most concealing for her.
Imam Baihaqi says:
‘All of the laws of salah in which a woman differs from a man are based on the principle of satr (concealment). This means that the woman is instructed to do all that which is more concealing for her. The following chapters of hadeeth explain this meaning in detail.’[253]
[240] Abu Dawood 1067 and Hakim 1062. Hakim declared it saheeh and Dhahabi agreed.
[241] Ibn Khulaimah 1722
[242] Abu Dawood 570 and lbn Khuzaimah 1690.
[243] lbn Khuzaimah 1691, and Tabarani in al M'ujam al Kabeer as mentioned by Hafidh Haithami 2/35. Hafidh Haithami also says that its narrators are authentic.
[244] Baihaqi 1921
[245] Baihaqi 1920.
[246] Ahmad 24012. Ibn Majah 655. Abu Dawood 641. Tirmidhi 377. Ibn Khuzaimah 775. Hakim 917 and Baihaqi 3254. Hakim declared it saheeh and Dhahabi agreed.
[247] Ahmad 19507. Bukhari 4163. Tirmidhi 2262 and Nasai 5388.
[248] Ibn Majah 1081 and Baihaqi 5131.
[249] Bukhari 1145.
[250] Abu Dawood in his al Marasee1 p18 (Muassahah al Risalah edition), and Baihaqi 3201
[251] Baihaqi 3199. He also declared it dhaeef.
[252] Tabarani in at M'ujam al Kabee'r 22/19 no.28. Hafidh aithami says 2/103, 'Tabarani has narrated it as part of a long hadeeth on the virtue of Wail bin Hujr radiallahu anhu with a chain of Maimoonah bint Hujr narrating from her auntie Umm Yahya bint Abdul Jabbar. I have not identified her but the rest of the narrators are reliable.’
[253] Baihaqi 2/314.
As mentioned earlier, this variation in the salah of a woman has been prescribed by none other that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam himself. It is also reflected in the rulings of the Sahabah and Tabi'un. The Ulama and fuqaha of all four schools have always recognized this difference and, as is evident in their books of fiqh, have always observed the above principles whenever making a ruling about the salah of a woman. Following are a few narrations detailing the verdicts and practice of the Sahabah radiallahu anhum together with the verdicts of some of the Tabi 'un and the Ulama of the different schools of fiqh:
Verdicts and practice of the Sahabah radiallahu anhum:
Imam Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Shaybah narrates:
"Abd Rabbih Ibn Zaytun said that he saw Umm ud-Dardaa raising her hands parallel to her shoulders when beginning salah. "
(al-Musannaf li-Ibn Abi Shaybah: vol. 1 p 239)
Khalid bin al Lajlaaj reports as part of a longer hadeeth that women were ordered to do tarabb’u[254] when sitting in salah.[255]
Nafi' narrates that Safiyyah radiallahu anha would pray and do tarabb'u [256]
Nafi' also narrates that the womenfolk of Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar's radiallahu anhu family would do tarabb'u. [257]
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar radiallahu anhu was once asked. 'How did women pray their sa/ah during the time of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam? He replied. 'They used to sit cross legged until they were told to practice ihtifaz.[258]
Sayyiduna Ali radiallahu anhu says, 'When a woman prostrates she should do ihtifaz and press her thighs together', and in Abdul Razzaq's narration 'press her thighs against her stomach.' [259]
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas radiallahu anhu was asked about the prayer of a woman He replied, 'She should pull herself close together and do ihtifaz.[260]
[254] i.e., to draw out one's right leg towards the right side of the body and to place the left leg beneath the right leg.
[255] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2783.
[256] Abdul Razzaq 5074 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2784
[257] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2789.
[258] Narrated by all three, Abu Muhammad al Bukhari, Qadhi Umar bin al Hasan al Ashnani, and Ibn Khusruw in their Musnads of Imam Abu Hanifah's ahadeeth. Ihtifaz is to lean to one side and rest on the posterior. It is more or less the same as sadl
[259] Abdul Razzaq 5072 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2777, Muhaddith Dhafar Ahmad Uthmani 3/32 has declared it hasn
[260] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2778.
Verdicts of the Tabi'un and other ulama.
Ibn Abi Shaybah has narrated:
"Ataa was asked how a woman should raise her hands in salah. He replied that she should raise them till her breast "
Based at Makkah, Ataa [the great Follower (tabi`i) and imam] used to issue this fatwa.
Ibn Abi Shaybah narrates:
"Hammad ibn Salamah al-Basri used to say that a woman should raise her hands parallel to her breast when beginning salah.”
Hammad was based at Kufa and he used to issue this fatwa
Ibn Jurayj reports, 'I asked Ataa: "Should a woman motion with her hands at the time of takbeer as a man does?" he replied, "She should not raise her hands with takbeer in the manner of men." Ataa then demonstrated (the way in which she should.) He placed his hands very low and then pulled them towards him. He then said. "The posture of a woman in salah is not that of a man” [261]
Ataa also says, ‘A woman should pull herself together when she bows down into ruk'u: she should bring up her hands to her stomach and pull herself together as much as possible. When she prostrates she should bring up her hands close to her and press her bosom and stomach against her thighs: she should pull herself together as much as possible.[262]
Hasan al Basri says, ‘A woman should pull herself close together in sujud.’ [263]
Hasan and Qatadah both say, 'When a woman prostrates she should pull herself together as much as possible. She should not allow for any space between her limbs so that her posterior is not raised’.[264]
One certain author has argued that all the descriptions of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam's prayer are equally applicable to both men and women and there is nothing in the sunnah that excludes women from any of them. Insha Allah the contents of this chapter will answer that claim. The author then goes on to say that this is the view of lbrahim al Nakhai who said, 'A woman's actions in the prayer are the same as a man's.' transmitted by Ibn Abi Shaibah (1/75/2) with a saheeh sanad from him.
This is not what Ibrahim al Nakhai said at all nor is it his view. His narration transmitted by Ibn Abi Shaibah actually reads, ‘A woman will sit in salah just as a man does.’[265] This somehow has been misquoted as ‘A woman's actions in the prayer are the same as a man's.’
In fact, Ibrahim al Nakhai’s other narrations quite clearly contradict the above report. His view about the prayer of a woman as reported by Ibn Abi Shaibah and others is as follows:
Ibrahin al Nakhai says, ‘When a woman prostates she should press her stomach against her thighs. She should not raise her posterior nor should she allow for any space or distance between the limbs of her body as a man does.’[266]
He also says, 'When a woman prostrates she should bring her thighs together and press her abdomen to them.'[267]
He also says, ‘A woman should sit to one side in salah.’[268]
Imam Baihaqi says,
‘All of the laws of salah in which a woman differs from a man are based on the principle of satr (concealment). This means that the woman is instructed to do all that which is more concealing for her. The following chapters of hadeeth explain this meaning in detail.’ [269]
Ibn Qudamah al Maqdisi al Hanbali quotes Imam Ahmad Hanbal in his al Mughni as saying, ‘I consider sadl[270] to be better for a woman.’ He also quotes the narration of Sayyiduna Ali radiallahu anhu who says, ‘When a woman prays salah she should do ihtifaz and press her thighs together.’[271]
Imam Ahamad was asked about how a woman should prostrate and sit for tashahhud. He replied, ‘She would do whatever is more concealing for her.’ He added, ‘She should do tarabb’u in tashahhud and draw her legs to one side (sadl).’[272]
According to narration of Abu Dawood, Imam Ahamd was asked about how a woman should sit in salah. He replied, ‘She should press her thighs together.’[273]
Qadhi Iyadh has also quoted from some Salaf that the sunnah for women is tarabb’u’[274]
Imam Shafi'i writes in Al-Umm "A man and woman in regards to remembrance and salat are the same, except that I instruct that they be more concealing than men in ruku' and prostration by joining their limbs together.
All the above quite clearly demonstrates that the prayer of a woman is different in some aspects from that of a man, and that this distinction was first made by none other than Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, and then maintained by the prominent Sahabah and Tabi’un. Furthermore, as can be seen in their works, there is almost universal agreement amongst the scholars of all schools of fiqh on this issue.
[261] Abdul Razzaq 5066 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2474
[262] Abdul Razzaq 5069.
[263] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2781.
[264] Abdul Razzaq 5068.
[265] Ibn Abi Shaibah 1/242,. no 2788.
[266] Abdul Razzaq 5071 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2782.
[267] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2779.
[268] Abdul Razzaq 5077 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2792.
[269] Baihaqi 2/314.
[270] To draw out the right leg to one side of the body and place the left leg beneath one’s right thigh. In this way the posterior will come to rest on the ground rather than on the left leg. She would, therefore, not be resting on her legs, but on her posterior as mentioned in the narration of Sayyiduna Ali radiallahu anhu
[271] Ibn Qadamah in al Mughni 2/135.
[272] Masaail of Imam Ahmad narrated by his son Abdullah 373
[273] Masaail of Imam Ahmad narrated by Abu Dawood p51.
[274] Awjaz al Masalik 2/119.
List of differences between the prayer of a man and a woman.
Some of the differences as mentioned in the Hanafi books of fiqh listed below.
•In all the postures and movements of salah, including qiyam, ruk’u, sajdah, and tashahhud a woman should adopt that which is the most modest and concealing for her.
•At the beginning of salah a woman should not raise her hands to her ears but only to her shoulders or close to her bosom.[275]
•In qiyam, women are to place their hands on their bosoms. They can fasten them in any one of the different ways ‘akdh, (grasping) or ‘wadh’(placing) described earlier or they can simply rest the right palm on the left one.
Allamah Abdul-Hayy Luckhnawi writes:
"As for women, the jurists are unanimous that it is sunnah for them to place their hands on their bosoms. "[276]
There is ijmaa' on this mas'alah:
•Unlike men, in ruk’u, women should tuck their arms into the body and not spread them outward. They should also merely place their hands over their knees with closed fingers, and not grasp them with the fingers spread wide open.[277] In fact, women should try to keep their fingers close together in all the postures of salah.
•During prostration men should allow for some space and distance between their stomachs and thighs, and arms and the side of the body, whilst women should press these limbs together.
•Again in prostration, men should raise their arms off the ground and allow for some distance but women should let them cling to the ground.
[275] Imam Ahamad bin Hanbal also says that she should raise them slightly and, according to one narration, she should not raise them at all
[276] as-Si'aayah: vol. 2 p 152
[277] In some books of Hanafi fiqh it has been suggested that in ruk’u they should also bend their backs and knees slightly. The hanbali scholar Imam Khirqi also says as part of a longer statement. ‘The woman should gather herself in ruk’u and sujud.’ (al Mughni 1/134.)\
The great Hanafi jurist Allaamah Muhammad Amin Ibn Abidin as-Shami rahimahullah collects all these differences of women in prayer en thus concludes,
"A woman should raise her hands till her shoulders. She should not take her hands out of her sleeves. She should place one palm over the other on her breast . She should bend only slightly in ruku'. She will not spread her fingers out in ruku' but rather keep them close together and place her palms on her knees without clasping them. She should bend her knees slightly. She should contract herself in ruku' and sajdah. She should place her arms flat on the ground. She should sit with her legs out and resting on her posterior in tashahhud. In tashahud she should keep her fingers close together. If any mistake occurs in salah, she should clap her hands without uttering anything. She cannot make imamah of a male. It is makruh to have a female only congregation. The female imam will stand in their midst. It is makruh for her to attend the congregation. In a mixed congregation the females will stand at the rear. Jumu'ah is not obligatory for her, but if she attends it, she will be absolved of responsibility. Neither is Eid compulsory on her nor the takbir of tashriq. It is not mustahab for her to perform Fajr when it brightens up. In the loud salahs she will not raise her voice. " [278]
He says in another place:
"A woman should bend slightly in ruku; without spreading her fingers out completely. However, she must contract herself and place her palms on her knees and bend them slightly. She must not spread out her arms as this is more concealing for her. " [279]
References:
(Taken from the book 'The Salah of a Believer in the Quran and Sunnah' of Shaykh Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq, with some additions)
[278] Radd al-Mukhtaar: vol. 1 p 504; see also al-Bahr ar-Raa'iq: vol. 1/320
[279] Radd al-Mukthaar: vol. 1 p 494
Rest Allah Knows Better;
Jazak Allah Khair;
Irfan Rabbani
The Shariah has ordained distinct rules for men and women in many important questions of salah.
For example,
•Jumua’ah is fardh upon men but not on women, and the Eid prayer is wajib for men but again not for women:
Sayyiduna Tariq bin Shihab radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said. Jumuah in congregation is an obligatory duty upon every Muslim except four people: a slave, a woman, a child, and one who is sick[240]
Sayyidatuna Umm Atiyyah radiallahu anha says as part of a longer hadeeth, 'We have been forbidden from following funerals and there is no Jumuah upon us’[241]
•The reward of congregational prayer for men is twenty seven times more than an individual prayer:
Contrary to this, the more rewarding prayer of a woman is that which is most concealed and performed within the confines of her innermost living quarters.
Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Mas'ud radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'The prayer of a woman in her makhda' (partition) is better than her prayer in her hujrah (chamber), and her prayer in her hujrah is better than her prayer in her bait (house).'[242]
Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah radiallahu anhu narrates that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'The most beloved salah to Allah of a woman is one that she performs in the darkest spot or her home.' [243]
•Unlike men, women should not give adhan or say the iqamah:
Sayyidatuna Asmaa radiallahu anha narrates as part of a longer hadeeth that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam. said, 'There is no adhan, iqamah or Jumuah upon women.'[244]
Sayyidatuna Ibn Umar radiallahu anhu says, 'There is no adhan or iqamah upon women.'[245]
There is a great difference in the awrah of a man and that of a woman in salah. Women must cover their entire body including the hair, leaving only the face, hands and feet exposed.
Ummul Mu'mineen Aisha radiallahu anha reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, ‘Allah does not accept the salah of a mature female without a scarf.'[246]
•Women cannot lead men in salah:
Abu Bakrah radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Never will those people succeed who have appointed a woman over them.'[247]
Jabir bin Abdullah reports as part of a longer hadeeth that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Know that a woman should not lead a man in salah.'[248]
•For the purpose of correcting or deterring someone in salah men should say 'subhanallah' loudly, whilst women are only allowed to clap their hands.
Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Tasbeeh is for men, and clapping is for women.'[249]
The different postures, positions and rulings concerning the prayer of the female are not the invention of a group or an individual but the teaching of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam himself. He was the very first person to differentiate between the prayer of a man and a woman.
Yazid bin Abi Habib reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam passed by two women who were praying salah. He said, 'When you prostrate, let part of your body cling to the earth, for women are unlike men in this regard'.[250]
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar radiallahu anhu narrates that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said. 'When a woman sits in salah she should place one thigh over the other, and when she prostrates she should press her stomach to her thighs in a manner that is the most concealing for her. Indeed Allah looks at her saying, "Oh my angels! I make you witness that I have forgiven her."[251]
Sayyiduna Wail bin Hujr radiallahu anhu reports that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam said, 'Oh Ibn Hujr! When you pray make your hands level with your ears. And the woman shall raise her hands close to her bosom’ [252]
We derive some very important and fundamental principles about the prayer of a woman from all the above ahadeeth.
1. The laws of salah are not always the same for men and women.
2. The sunnah posture of a female in any position of salah is that which is the most concealing for her.
Imam Baihaqi says:
‘All of the laws of salah in which a woman differs from a man are based on the principle of satr (concealment). This means that the woman is instructed to do all that which is more concealing for her. The following chapters of hadeeth explain this meaning in detail.’[253]
[240] Abu Dawood 1067 and Hakim 1062. Hakim declared it saheeh and Dhahabi agreed.
[241] Ibn Khulaimah 1722
[242] Abu Dawood 570 and lbn Khuzaimah 1690.
[243] lbn Khuzaimah 1691, and Tabarani in al M'ujam al Kabeer as mentioned by Hafidh Haithami 2/35. Hafidh Haithami also says that its narrators are authentic.
[244] Baihaqi 1921
[245] Baihaqi 1920.
[246] Ahmad 24012. Ibn Majah 655. Abu Dawood 641. Tirmidhi 377. Ibn Khuzaimah 775. Hakim 917 and Baihaqi 3254. Hakim declared it saheeh and Dhahabi agreed.
[247] Ahmad 19507. Bukhari 4163. Tirmidhi 2262 and Nasai 5388.
[248] Ibn Majah 1081 and Baihaqi 5131.
[249] Bukhari 1145.
[250] Abu Dawood in his al Marasee1 p18 (Muassahah al Risalah edition), and Baihaqi 3201
[251] Baihaqi 3199. He also declared it dhaeef.
[252] Tabarani in at M'ujam al Kabee'r 22/19 no.28. Hafidh aithami says 2/103, 'Tabarani has narrated it as part of a long hadeeth on the virtue of Wail bin Hujr radiallahu anhu with a chain of Maimoonah bint Hujr narrating from her auntie Umm Yahya bint Abdul Jabbar. I have not identified her but the rest of the narrators are reliable.’
[253] Baihaqi 2/314.
As mentioned earlier, this variation in the salah of a woman has been prescribed by none other that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam himself. It is also reflected in the rulings of the Sahabah and Tabi'un. The Ulama and fuqaha of all four schools have always recognized this difference and, as is evident in their books of fiqh, have always observed the above principles whenever making a ruling about the salah of a woman. Following are a few narrations detailing the verdicts and practice of the Sahabah radiallahu anhum together with the verdicts of some of the Tabi 'un and the Ulama of the different schools of fiqh:
Verdicts and practice of the Sahabah radiallahu anhum:
Imam Abu Bakr Ibn Abi Shaybah narrates:
"Abd Rabbih Ibn Zaytun said that he saw Umm ud-Dardaa raising her hands parallel to her shoulders when beginning salah. "
(al-Musannaf li-Ibn Abi Shaybah: vol. 1 p 239)
Khalid bin al Lajlaaj reports as part of a longer hadeeth that women were ordered to do tarabb’u[254] when sitting in salah.[255]
Nafi' narrates that Safiyyah radiallahu anha would pray and do tarabb'u [256]
Nafi' also narrates that the womenfolk of Sayyiduna Abdullah bin Umar's radiallahu anhu family would do tarabb'u. [257]
Sayyiduna Ibn Umar radiallahu anhu was once asked. 'How did women pray their sa/ah during the time of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam? He replied. 'They used to sit cross legged until they were told to practice ihtifaz.[258]
Sayyiduna Ali radiallahu anhu says, 'When a woman prostrates she should do ihtifaz and press her thighs together', and in Abdul Razzaq's narration 'press her thighs against her stomach.' [259]
Sayyiduna Ibn Abbas radiallahu anhu was asked about the prayer of a woman He replied, 'She should pull herself close together and do ihtifaz.[260]
[254] i.e., to draw out one's right leg towards the right side of the body and to place the left leg beneath the right leg.
[255] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2783.
[256] Abdul Razzaq 5074 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2784
[257] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2789.
[258] Narrated by all three, Abu Muhammad al Bukhari, Qadhi Umar bin al Hasan al Ashnani, and Ibn Khusruw in their Musnads of Imam Abu Hanifah's ahadeeth. Ihtifaz is to lean to one side and rest on the posterior. It is more or less the same as sadl
[259] Abdul Razzaq 5072 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2777, Muhaddith Dhafar Ahmad Uthmani 3/32 has declared it hasn
[260] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2778.
Verdicts of the Tabi'un and other ulama.
Ibn Abi Shaybah has narrated:
"Ataa was asked how a woman should raise her hands in salah. He replied that she should raise them till her breast "
Based at Makkah, Ataa [the great Follower (tabi`i) and imam] used to issue this fatwa.
Ibn Abi Shaybah narrates:
"Hammad ibn Salamah al-Basri used to say that a woman should raise her hands parallel to her breast when beginning salah.”
Hammad was based at Kufa and he used to issue this fatwa
Ibn Jurayj reports, 'I asked Ataa: "Should a woman motion with her hands at the time of takbeer as a man does?" he replied, "She should not raise her hands with takbeer in the manner of men." Ataa then demonstrated (the way in which she should.) He placed his hands very low and then pulled them towards him. He then said. "The posture of a woman in salah is not that of a man” [261]
Ataa also says, ‘A woman should pull herself together when she bows down into ruk'u: she should bring up her hands to her stomach and pull herself together as much as possible. When she prostrates she should bring up her hands close to her and press her bosom and stomach against her thighs: she should pull herself together as much as possible.[262]
Hasan al Basri says, ‘A woman should pull herself close together in sujud.’ [263]
Hasan and Qatadah both say, 'When a woman prostrates she should pull herself together as much as possible. She should not allow for any space between her limbs so that her posterior is not raised’.[264]
One certain author has argued that all the descriptions of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam's prayer are equally applicable to both men and women and there is nothing in the sunnah that excludes women from any of them. Insha Allah the contents of this chapter will answer that claim. The author then goes on to say that this is the view of lbrahim al Nakhai who said, 'A woman's actions in the prayer are the same as a man's.' transmitted by Ibn Abi Shaibah (1/75/2) with a saheeh sanad from him.
This is not what Ibrahim al Nakhai said at all nor is it his view. His narration transmitted by Ibn Abi Shaibah actually reads, ‘A woman will sit in salah just as a man does.’[265] This somehow has been misquoted as ‘A woman's actions in the prayer are the same as a man's.’
In fact, Ibrahim al Nakhai’s other narrations quite clearly contradict the above report. His view about the prayer of a woman as reported by Ibn Abi Shaibah and others is as follows:
Ibrahin al Nakhai says, ‘When a woman prostates she should press her stomach against her thighs. She should not raise her posterior nor should she allow for any space or distance between the limbs of her body as a man does.’[266]
He also says, 'When a woman prostrates she should bring her thighs together and press her abdomen to them.'[267]
He also says, ‘A woman should sit to one side in salah.’[268]
Imam Baihaqi says,
‘All of the laws of salah in which a woman differs from a man are based on the principle of satr (concealment). This means that the woman is instructed to do all that which is more concealing for her. The following chapters of hadeeth explain this meaning in detail.’ [269]
Ibn Qudamah al Maqdisi al Hanbali quotes Imam Ahmad Hanbal in his al Mughni as saying, ‘I consider sadl[270] to be better for a woman.’ He also quotes the narration of Sayyiduna Ali radiallahu anhu who says, ‘When a woman prays salah she should do ihtifaz and press her thighs together.’[271]
Imam Ahamad was asked about how a woman should prostrate and sit for tashahhud. He replied, ‘She would do whatever is more concealing for her.’ He added, ‘She should do tarabb’u in tashahhud and draw her legs to one side (sadl).’[272]
According to narration of Abu Dawood, Imam Ahamd was asked about how a woman should sit in salah. He replied, ‘She should press her thighs together.’[273]
Qadhi Iyadh has also quoted from some Salaf that the sunnah for women is tarabb’u’[274]
Imam Shafi'i writes in Al-Umm "A man and woman in regards to remembrance and salat are the same, except that I instruct that they be more concealing than men in ruku' and prostration by joining their limbs together.
All the above quite clearly demonstrates that the prayer of a woman is different in some aspects from that of a man, and that this distinction was first made by none other than Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, and then maintained by the prominent Sahabah and Tabi’un. Furthermore, as can be seen in their works, there is almost universal agreement amongst the scholars of all schools of fiqh on this issue.
[261] Abdul Razzaq 5066 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2474
[262] Abdul Razzaq 5069.
[263] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2781.
[264] Abdul Razzaq 5068.
[265] Ibn Abi Shaibah 1/242,. no 2788.
[266] Abdul Razzaq 5071 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2782.
[267] Ibn Abi Shaibah 2779.
[268] Abdul Razzaq 5077 and Ibn Abi Shaibah 2792.
[269] Baihaqi 2/314.
[270] To draw out the right leg to one side of the body and place the left leg beneath one’s right thigh. In this way the posterior will come to rest on the ground rather than on the left leg. She would, therefore, not be resting on her legs, but on her posterior as mentioned in the narration of Sayyiduna Ali radiallahu anhu
[271] Ibn Qadamah in al Mughni 2/135.
[272] Masaail of Imam Ahmad narrated by his son Abdullah 373
[273] Masaail of Imam Ahmad narrated by Abu Dawood p51.
[274] Awjaz al Masalik 2/119.
List of differences between the prayer of a man and a woman.
Some of the differences as mentioned in the Hanafi books of fiqh listed below.
•In all the postures and movements of salah, including qiyam, ruk’u, sajdah, and tashahhud a woman should adopt that which is the most modest and concealing for her.
•At the beginning of salah a woman should not raise her hands to her ears but only to her shoulders or close to her bosom.[275]
•In qiyam, women are to place their hands on their bosoms. They can fasten them in any one of the different ways ‘akdh, (grasping) or ‘wadh’(placing) described earlier or they can simply rest the right palm on the left one.
Allamah Abdul-Hayy Luckhnawi writes:
"As for women, the jurists are unanimous that it is sunnah for them to place their hands on their bosoms. "[276]
There is ijmaa' on this mas'alah:
•Unlike men, in ruk’u, women should tuck their arms into the body and not spread them outward. They should also merely place their hands over their knees with closed fingers, and not grasp them with the fingers spread wide open.[277] In fact, women should try to keep their fingers close together in all the postures of salah.
•During prostration men should allow for some space and distance between their stomachs and thighs, and arms and the side of the body, whilst women should press these limbs together.
•Again in prostration, men should raise their arms off the ground and allow for some distance but women should let them cling to the ground.
[275] Imam Ahamad bin Hanbal also says that she should raise them slightly and, according to one narration, she should not raise them at all
[276] as-Si'aayah: vol. 2 p 152
[277] In some books of Hanafi fiqh it has been suggested that in ruk’u they should also bend their backs and knees slightly. The hanbali scholar Imam Khirqi also says as part of a longer statement. ‘The woman should gather herself in ruk’u and sujud.’ (al Mughni 1/134.)\
The great Hanafi jurist Allaamah Muhammad Amin Ibn Abidin as-Shami rahimahullah collects all these differences of women in prayer en thus concludes,
"A woman should raise her hands till her shoulders. She should not take her hands out of her sleeves. She should place one palm over the other on her breast . She should bend only slightly in ruku'. She will not spread her fingers out in ruku' but rather keep them close together and place her palms on her knees without clasping them. She should bend her knees slightly. She should contract herself in ruku' and sajdah. She should place her arms flat on the ground. She should sit with her legs out and resting on her posterior in tashahhud. In tashahud she should keep her fingers close together. If any mistake occurs in salah, she should clap her hands without uttering anything. She cannot make imamah of a male. It is makruh to have a female only congregation. The female imam will stand in their midst. It is makruh for her to attend the congregation. In a mixed congregation the females will stand at the rear. Jumu'ah is not obligatory for her, but if she attends it, she will be absolved of responsibility. Neither is Eid compulsory on her nor the takbir of tashriq. It is not mustahab for her to perform Fajr when it brightens up. In the loud salahs she will not raise her voice. " [278]
He says in another place:
"A woman should bend slightly in ruku; without spreading her fingers out completely. However, she must contract herself and place her palms on her knees and bend them slightly. She must not spread out her arms as this is more concealing for her. " [279]
References:
(Taken from the book 'The Salah of a Believer in the Quran and Sunnah' of Shaykh Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq, with some additions)
[278] Radd al-Mukhtaar: vol. 1 p 504; see also al-Bahr ar-Raa'iq: vol. 1/320
[279] Radd al-Mukthaar: vol. 1 p 494
Rest Allah Knows Better;
Jazak Allah Khair;
Irfan Rabbani
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