The infallible Imams from the pure progeny of the holy Prophet (peace be upon them) stated that their grandfather the Prophet of Islam (peace be upon him and his pure family) was not only able to read and write, but he had a good command of seventy-three languages. However, despite his phenomenal literacy, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his pure family) used not to show this ability in front of the non-believers of Quraish; because had he shown it, he would have been accused of having acquired his knowledge via tutors rather than being divinely inspired.
In regard to the word ‘Ummi’ mentioned in the holy Quran as in the following verse: “Those who follow the Messenger-Prophet, the Ummi, whom they find written down with them in the Torah and the Gospel” (007:157), Imam Muhammad al-Jawad (peace be upon him) has adequately explained its meaning in the following narrations:
Al-Saffar (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: Narrated Ali bin Asba`t or [and] others who had said: "I said to Abu` Jafar (al-Jawad): 'People claim that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his pure family) could neither read nor write!' So, he, peace be upon him, denied that and said: 'They have lied, May the wrath of Allah be upon them! How would that be? When Allah, the Exalted, has said: '(It is) He who raised among the Ummīyīna (i.e. maternals) a Messenger from amongst them, reciting upon them His signs and purifying them and teaching them the Book and the wisdom; even though beforehand they were in a clear straying' How did he teach them the Book and the Wisdom while he could neither read nor write?’
Then Ali bin Asba`t asked the Imam: "Why was he called al-Nabi al-Ummi? To which the Imam (peace be upon him) replied: "Because he was ascribed to Mecca. That is according to the words of Allah, the Most Exalted: 'That you may warn Umm al-Qura` (i.e. the mother of villages) and those around it.'Umm al-Qura` means Mecca. So, he was called Ummi.” (Basair al-darajat, By al-Saffar, vol. 5, p. 246).
Furthermore, al-Saduq (May Allah be pleased with him) reported: Narrated Ja’far ibn Muhammad al-Sufi: “I asked Abu Ja’far Muhammad son of Ali al-Rida (peace be upon them both) saying: ‘O son of Allah’s Apostle, why was the Prophet called Ummi?’ He answered: ‘What do the people say?’ I said: ‘They claim that he was called Ummi because he was illiterate.
“He replied: ‘They lie! May the curse of Allah be upon them, Allah has clearly said in His Book: ‘(It is) He who raised among the Ummīyīna (i.e. maternals) a Messenger from amongst them, reciting upon them His signs and purifying them and teaching them the Book and the wisdom’ How would he teach what he himself could not do?
“By Allah, Allah’s Apostle (peace be upon him and his pure family) used to read and write in 72, or he said 73, languages. He was called Ummi because he was from Mecca. Mecca is one of the mother towns, and this is why Allah the Most Exalted has said: ‘So that you (Muhammad) may warn the mother of villages (i.e. Mecca) and whoever is around it’.” (Ma’ani al-Akhbar, By al-Saduq, p. 53).
Accordingly, the holy Prophet (May peace be upon him and his pure family) was called Ummi in reference to Umm al-Qura which is Mecca. In other words ‘al-Nabi al-Ummi’ means a Prophet from Mecca. Similarly, one may notice that Allah the Most Exalted has also referred to the inhabitants of Mecca as “Ummīyīna” as in the following verse: “(It is) He who raised among the Ummīyīna (maternals)”(62:02) although the inhabitants of Mecca at that time were not all unable to read or write, but they were called so in reference to the holy city of Mecca.
In regard to the Quranic verse quoted in the question: “And you did not recite before it any book, nor did you transcribe one with your right hand, for then could those who say untrue things have doubted” (29:48) In the passage, Allah the Most Exalted denied that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his pure family) had shown his ability to read and write in the presence of non-believers, but did not state that the Prophet (peace be upon him and his pure family) was incapable of reading or writing.
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